domingo, 6 de mayo de 2012

REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.


Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
  • pronouns
  • present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
  • place and time expressions
  • tenses (backshift)
TypeExample
direct speech“I speak English.”
reported speech
(no backshift)
He says that he speaks English.
reported speech
(backshift)
He said that he spoke English.

Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
  • pronouns
  • present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
  • place and time expressions
  • tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
  • transform the question into an indirect question
  • use the interrogative or if / whether
TypeExample
with interrogativedirect speech“Why don’t you speak English?”
reported speechHe asked me why I didn’t speak English.
without interrogativedirect speech“Do you speak English?”
reported speechHe asked me whether / if I spoke English.

Requests

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
  • pronouns
  • place and time expressions
TypeExample
direct speech“Carol, speak English.“
reported speechHe told Carol to speak English.

Additional Information and Exeptions

Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:
  • main clauses connected with and / but
  • tense of the introductory clause
  • reported speech for difficult tenses
  • exeptions for backshift
  • requests with must, should, ought to and let’s


Exercise on Reported Speech

Questions - Exercise 1

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
  1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
    → She asked
  2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
    → Martin asked us
  3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
    → He asked
  4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
    → The mother asked her daughter
  5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
    → She asked her boyfriend
  6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
    → She wanted to know
  7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
    → He wanted to know
  8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
    → The teacher wanted to know
  9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
    → She asked me
  10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
    → My friend asked me
ANSWERS

Exercise on Reported Speech


Questions - Exercise 1

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.
  1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
    → She askedwhere her umbrella was.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past (3rd person singular + was)
  2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
    → Martin asked ushow we were.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past (we + were)
  3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
    → He askedif he had to do it.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past
    the auxiliary verb 'do' (first position) is dropped and the main verb (have) is put into Simple Past
  4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
    → The mother asked her daughterwhere she had been.
    Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect
  5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
    → She asked her boyfriendwhich dress he liked best.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past
    the auxiliary verb 'do' (first position) is dropped and the main verb (like) is put into Simple Past
  6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
    → She wanted to knowwhat they were doing.
    Present Progressive becomes Past Progressive (they/we + were)
  7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
    → He wanted to knowif I was going to the cinema.
    Present Progressive becomes Past Progressive (I + was)
  8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
    → The teacher wanted to knowwho spoke English.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past
  9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
    → She asked mehow I knew that.
    Simple Present becomes Simple Past
  10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
    → My friend asked meif Caron had talked to Kevin.
    Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect















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TOM CRUISE

Thomas Cruise Mapother IV (n. Siracusa, the United States; 3 of 1962 July), more known like Tom Cruise, are a American actor. It has carried out films like Risky Business, Top Gun, the color of the money, Rain Man, Interview with the vampire, Eyes Wide Shut, Minority Report, the last samurai and the saga of Mission: Impossible. Also it has obtained three nominations for the Oscar to the best actor: in 1990 by Been born the 4 from July, in 1997 by Jerry Maguire and 2000 by Magnolia.



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MILLA JOVOVICH


Jovovich mile, born like Militza Jovović (Kiev the Ukraine, 17 of December of 1975), is a model, actress, singer and Ukrainian fashionable designer, of Serbian ancestry. It has interpreted papers in several films of science fiction and action, reason why the television channel VH1 nicknamed “the queen to him kicks buttocks”. Also it has acted next to recognized actors, like John Malkovich, Dustin Hoffman, Brushes Willis, Robert Downey Jr., Mel Gibson, Faye Dunaway, Horseradish tree Stiller and more recently with Robert De Niro and Edward Norton.



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ZAC EFRON
Zachary David Alexander Efron (18 of October of 1987), known like Zac Efron, is an actor and singing American. It began to act at the beginning of the year 2000 and one became famous thanks to his participation in the original film of Disney Channel, High Musical School, in the series of Warner Brothers, Summerland and in the cinematographic adaptation of the musical comedy of Broadway, Hairspray.En August of 2007 appeared in the cover of the recognized magazine Rolling Stone.4 In 2007, before the opening of High Musical School 2, Rolling Stone declared " boy of poster for adolescentes" he presented/displayed and it in his edition of August of 2007. Efron since then has carried out in the 17 films Again, Me and Orson Welles, and Charlie St. Cloud.

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MEGAN FOX


Megan Fox (Tennessee, the United States; 16 of May of 1986) are an actress and American model. After his successful race like model, Fox made debut in the screen in 2001, with the paper of Brianna Wallace in Holiday Inn the Sun, carried out by Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. More ahead, he realised diverse appearances in series of television, including What I Like About You, Two and to Half Men, The Help and Ocean Bird. Also & interpreted a paper appellant in Hope; Faith, like Sydney Shanowski. In 2004, Fox continued with his cinematographic race interpreting to the enemy of Lindsay Lohan in Confessions of to Teenage Queen Drama. Others of their remarkable participation were in the films Crimes Of Fashion (2004), How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (2008) and Whore (2008). It obtained the world-wide recognition when interpreting to Mikaela Vannes in Transformers (2007), paper that supposed several nominations to him to the prizes Teen Choice Awards. Some of their films are: Jennifer' s Body, Jonah Hex and The Crossing.

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 Leonadro DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (11 of November of 1974), is a producing actor and of American cinema. The best actor of his generation is considered. He has received many prizes, among them a Globe of Gold to the Best Actor by his action in the aviator in 2004. Additionally, the Bear of Silver has won, a Chlotrudis Award and a Satellite Award, among others, and has been name for the Prizes Oscar, Prizes of the Union of Actors and the BAFTA. Been born and bred in the Los Angeles, California, DiCaprio its race began appearing in commercial of television before acting in rolls appellants in series of television like in Santa Barbara and Growing Pains at the beginning of years 1990.


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ANGELINA JOLIE

Angelina Jolie Voight (Los Angeles, California, the United States; 4 of June of 1975) are a movie actress and television, model, philanthropist, socialité and at the moment is of the High Commissioner of the United Nations for the Refugees American. Throughout its race, Jolie has received multiple recognitions by its actorales profits, among them a prize Gold Oscar and three Globes. Although it began acting in 1982 along with his father John Voight, gives like official debut his paper to him in the 1993 film Cyborg 2. The first main interpretation that did was in 1995 the Hackers film. In 1997 George Wallace acted in the controversial film. He interpreted a main personage in films for 1998 television GIA. Its world-wide recognition began to be developed after it gained a prize Oscar as better actress of distribution, in 2000, thanks to his work in the film interrupted Innocence.


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BRAD PITT

William Bradley Pitt1 (Shawnee, Oklahoma, 18 of December of 1963), known like Brad Pitt, is a producing actor and of American cinema. Besides by its actoral work, by which Oscar has been name in three occasions to the Prizes and in four to the Prizes Gold Globe, its significant mediatic presence also must to its consideration like one of the most attractive men of mundo.2 3 Pitt began its actoral race when appearing like guest in television programs, between which a paper in the novel of CBS Dallas is included, in 1987. Later, hitchhiker obtained recognition of the press with the interpretation of cowboy who seduces the personage of Geena Davis in the film of 1991 Thelma & Louise.










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